Hočąk Text — Snowshoe Strings

Snowshoe Strings

narrated by RS [Rueben StCyr?]

The manuscript, which is in the hand of Paul Radin, is easier to read than most of his manuscripts. About 40% of the hand written interlinear text has no English translation, but almost all of the untranslated words could be found elsewhere, but in cases where the reading is doubtful, question marks appear after illegible letters. It was Radin's habit to use Greek letter abbreviations for common whole words or syllables. In this manuscript, the use of these abbreviations is much more limited, and the appearence of '#' as a sentence terminator shows that his knowledge of Hočąk was at that time less sophisticated. Therefore, this manuscript predates those in which extensive use of abbreviations occur. Some of these abbreviations are interpreted in other manuscripts, so their values are known from those sources. The Greek and other symbols used in the text appear in the table below:

α	ε	η	ρ	ϕ	ω	#
égi	gają	žesge	ánąga	hąké	žégų	period (.) or comma (,)

In the translation, words supplied by the editor (Richard Dieterle) are found in brackets '[ ]'. It was also necessary for the editor to supply all punctuation and to determine the beginning and ending of most sentences.

English Translation

p. 4 —

Éja	uáñkikínųbra	nųpíwi	čiánuñgwišguni.	Hąpga
[There]	[men brothers]	[two]	they were living.	[Day by day]

wažóninášaną	'uwáñkšguni	hų́jerášaną	t'éhires'áže,	aíreną.
hunting only	they would do	[bears only]	[they used to kill],	[it is said].

Wop'íñkeréra	go'jowírehiže,	aíreną.	Žegų	'ųnañks'ášguní
Meat racks	over yonder it reached,	[they say].	[Then]	when they were going on a hunt

hagaréžą	wažóniąnaíregáją*	hinuñgížą	híže,	aíreną.
[as]	[they went hunting]	[a woman]	went there,	[they say].

*The preceding word, wažónyaraíre, is crossed out.

Mąz´era	karaniáwañga	pánakárak'iánañga	čirokéinegíži	hominógera
With her axe	and her bundle	on her back	as she entered [the lodge]	the seats

waičųže,	aíreną.	Kikínųpenáñka	hiníhirájega	hominóñki
she chose,	[they say].	[These two brothers]	the older one	in his seat

p. 5 —

éja	pąn´akarakéreže,	aíreną.	Égi	žégų
[there]	she placed her bundle,	[they say].	[And]	[thus]

hiánañga.	Warára	hoínoñkhišgúni,	žégų	nąną
she did.	Work	she started into,	[and so]	wood

wuxéreč híže,	aírena.	Hoxjanáñxjiñgáją	hijaí	t'at'águhú?reže,
she had piled up high,	[they say].	[Very early after]	[more ?]	they came talking along,

aíreną.	Hoikáwakirináñk	hiregíži	wa-iną́bra	rokóną
[they say].	[Went in, back]	[when they did ?]	thankful	[much]

waírešguni.	Xetéjega	wešgúni,	"Mąnégųs	hisuñk harášaną
[they said].	The older	[he said],	"Always	with my yr. br. only

hakaraíkiža	wokíxap	čųšgúni	égi	miánañgwíną
with [him]	associates	without	[and]	we sat

hąkéga	hačuñgére	hakíriwígašge	naíñkišérera	hajégere heréšanúną.
[never]	even when	we barely reach home	to look? after him?	then we would be.

Ep'į́ną.	Hinuñkčegerá	nąjąnájąwige	waš'uñgáją	hirsírajíwire."
[It is good].	[Daughter-in-law]	because you pity us	is why you came	that you've come to us."

p. 6 —

Hiníhirájega	žégworokáją.	Hožégų	'únañks'ášguni.	Hagaréžą
[The older one]	she married.	[Thus ?]	[she would do ?].	[At times]

hisúñkhiráka	hą́héregi	hikíñgają	teé	hininá
the younger brother	[at night]	when he arrived	[this one]	his older brother

hinúñgókit'ákše.	Hinuñgoñka	wákše,	"Jagúižą	rohiš'úwiže?*
[he] was talking to a woman.	[That woman]	was saying,	["What one]	have you for a body?

*At the end of this word nąjegë has been crossed out in favor of wiže.

Jagúižą	hišjawį́že?"	Égi	hininá	wešgúni,
[What one]	would kill you?"	[And]	the older brother	said,

"Hañké	wažąniižą*	hičáwinína.	Égi	hinuñgóñka
["Not]	[nothing]	[my wife]."†	[And]	[this woman]

*wažą́nižą has been crossed out in favor of the form given. See seven words below.
†The translation has "we do not die."

žigé	wašgúni,	"Higwósge	wažą́niižą
[again]	[she said],	"Surely	[something]

hišjáwišgúni."	Hisúñkhiráka	nañǧirejį́pše,	aírera.
you must die of."	[Younger brother]	became afraid,	[they say].

"Teéwažąšíšigi	herenáñguni	hiníhara	wa-ų́jšgúni	k'onúkjąne."
"A bad thing	it must have been but	my brother	[he] does this	that he's married to her."

p. 7—

Égi	žigígų	hagaréžą	hik'iñgáją	teé	hinuñgóñka
[and]	[then again]	[once]	[when he arrived]	[this one]	[that woman]

wi'uañǧenihéra	žigéakše,	"Jagúižą	hišjáwiže?"	Ákšguni
the questions she had asked.	She was saying,	["What one]	[would kill you?"]	[She went]

égi	hiníhiráka	naxurúk	hirešgúni.	égi
[and]	[his brother]	[s]he persuaded,	[he thought].	[And]

wéže	aíreną,	"Séwająją́wine	érohí	wa'uañjąwiną.
[he said]	[they say],	"Snowshoes that we wear	for? body	we're using.

Hižą	waigíčgirgízwigiži	čáwinána,"	eže,	aíreną.
[One]	if it were cut for us	we would die,"	[he said],	[they say].

Haíninégi	nañkíkarára	nawíšguniže.	Hakikížu	hahiránañga
[The next day]	[hunting]	they went.	Together	they went

hahíkixaíres'áže,	aíreną.	Haraíregíži	wa'ų́že,	aíreną.
and they would always part on the way,	[they say].	When they went	[he did this],	[they say].

p. 8—

Hinúñgenóñka	hikárohoánañga	howárairegíži	éowáreže,	aíreną.
[That woman]	[s]he got herself ready	when they went	she went,	[they say].

Náñguokíxara	hirahigíži	xetéjega	howáregíži	eowáreže,
When to the fork of the road	she got	[the older one]	where he went	she went,

aíreną.	'Uą́higáją	té	nąwáñgeja	ų́nañk'ų.
[they say].	In? she went	there	up in a tree	he was.

Hirahíže.	Hųč´gihap	wa-únañkše,	aíreną.	Sáramaį́ja
She got to him.	Cutting into a bear	he was,	[they say].	Snowshoes (in ground)

wak'šuánañga	hijáxjįhigáją	égi	ajáže,	aíreną.
he put them	when she reached there	[and]	he saw her,	[they say].

Óružák'jį́nunige	sára	gigíčgisše,	aíreną.	Gičgísgéži
He spoke much pleadingly, but	[the snowshoes]	she cut,	[they say].	[She cut them]

uáñgenoñka	t'éxjįšibréže,	aíreną.	Égi	hinúñkjega
[that man]	he fell dead,	[they said].	[And]	[the woman]

p. 9—

wešgúni,	"Teé	wax'ópini	rokonaį́žą*	higaírekjánohe,"
she said,	["This one]	spirit	a great	they would call,"

*The word yagék ("I call") is crossed out after this word.

éšgúni.*	Hisúñkhirájega	awúñk	gip'įže,	aíreną.
[she said].	[The younger brother]	instead	[s]he liked,	[they say].

*The word t'ehígiži ("when she killed him" ?) is crossed out after this word.

Ásge	hiníhirájąne	t'éhiánañga*	hisúñgera†	harogíkje
[And so]	[the older brother]	she killed	[the younger brother]	she would marry

*A letter is smudged out between "i" and "á".
†Just before this word, égi ("and") is crossed out.

wagių́že,	aíreną.	Žégųhi[ρ]	čirowákešeže,	aíreną.
[she had],	[they say].	[Thus and]	[s]he went back to the lodge,	[they say].

Gigíži	pánakurúzanañga	hisúñkirájega	eja	minóñkše,
When she got back	[kurúzanañga = she picked up]	to younger brother	[there]	[she sat down],

aíreną.	Égi	hisúñkerájega	nągwokixaíja	kirigáją
[they say].	[And]	[the younger brother]	to the fork of the road	when he got back

tée	hininá	háñke	kirigúnįgžé.	Hinuñkjega
[this one]	[his older brother]	[not]	had not come by yet.	[The woman]

sirá	ejohówiránañga	žigé	kirigúže.	"Hohó,
her tracks	went by there	[again]	came back.	"Ho ho,

p. 10—

hiníhara	t'é-iñgígiganí,"	hirége,	aíreną.	Hokaraníreže,	aíreną.
[my older brother]	she must have killed for me,"	[he thought],	[they say].	He went to hunt him,	[they say].

Hijáhigáją	t'éixjínoñkše	hišjáranúñǧokonañk	sérahoruxáčgają
[When] he got there	real dead	his eyes filled with ice	[when he looked at the snowshoe]

teé	gičgízirežé.	Eja	mináñgenoñga	p'į'ų́že,
[this]	[she cut in two ?].	[There]	he sat	[he did],

aíreną.	P'įhį́nusgíčenañga	hakikáše	gigižé,	aíreną.
[they say].	Again he tried it	joined	[it came],	[they say].

Žégunhigáją	hininá	nią́pše	kikáwa'ų́	kirikáreže,
[And then after that]	[his brother]	[alive]	[he arose]	[he came back],

aíreną.	Wanaį́šguni	hakikížu	karawíšguni.	Hinúñgenoñka
[they say].	Peacefully	together	they went home.	[That woman]

wanaį́šguninañk'ų	teé	hisųñk'inóñka	hijá	hakikížu
peacefully she was when	[this one]	[that younger brother]	[the other]	[together]

p. 11—

hit'át'aguhaíreže.	Hákariégiánañga	pą́nakuruzánañga	homináñkšunuéja	hagíminañkše,
[talking].	She hurried up and	[returned to ?]	where she used to sit	[she sat down there],

aíreną.	Žigigų́	wagi-ų́že,	aíreną.	wažónina
[they say].	[Then again]	[they went back],	[they say].	[The hunt]

haraíregíži	wirónoñkránañga	hiníhirájega	sára	gigíčgičgisjįže,
when they started	she followed them	[the older brother]	[the snowshoe]	[cut],

aíreną.	Žégų	hiánañga	kirigíži	žige
[they say].	[And so]	[she did]	[she arrived there]	[again]

agéja	mináñkše,	aíreną	Égi	hisúñkhirájega
[on the other side]	[she sat down],	[they say].	[And]	[the younger brother]

nañguokíxaija	kirigíži	žigí	perésše,	aíreną.
[a branch of the trail]	[she arrived]	[there]	[to know, be conscious, remember],	[they say].

Ásge	hininá	hokiraníneže,	aíreną.	Hijáhigíži
[And so]	[the older brother]	he went to hunt for,	[they say].	[When he got there]

teé	hininá	t'éxjináñkše	sára	gičgíčgísjįže.
[this one]	[the older brother]	[real dead]	[snowshoes]	[cut].

p. 12—

Hañké	p'į́'ų p'įníže.	Ğáakše,	aíreną.	Hininá
[Not]	[it was not possible to fix it.]	He cried,	[they say].	[The older brother]

karak'iánañga	gúže,	aíreną.	Kirigíži	wa'ųšgúni.
he carried and came home	[coming],	[they say].	[He arrived there]	he did.

Hinúñgenóñka	čañgerót'unéže.	Ijániñgenúniñke	mąčgúra	hirejį́že,
[That woman]	he threw out doors.	Although she screamed	[the bow]	he hit her,

aíreną.	Irojíñgają	wakį́nąšge	húsarejį́žą	t'ąt'ąp rahaže,
[they say].	[Cheek struck, after which]	a long frog	a long legged one	jumped away,

aíreną.	Hiboǧ?ápjį	niñkje	yaréra.	Jagú
[they say].	Finish you	entirely	[I am doing ?].	[How]

waką́nąšgé	husáreč	airánihékje	yarége?	Hañké
[the long frog]	[the long legged one]	could they ever say ?	[I made ?] ?	[Not]

niñgíunína,"	higéže,	aíreną.	Hininá	kurúzanañga
I did not do it to you,"	[he said],	[they say].	[The older brother]	[he picked up]

hųjá	hiroéjąnañgá	čirópčañgéja	hazáč	hakarat'ųpše,
bear skin	he wrapped him in and	[outside the door]	on a platform	[lay out face down ?],

aíreną.	Hañkéšge	warújenáže,	aíreną.	Hoikéwigížo
[they say]	[Not also]	he did eat,	[they say].	When [he went into his lodge]

p. 13 —

míñkše,	aíreną.	Ğagą́k'ų	"Wárakirakáni!	hininá
[he laid down],	[they say].	[As he cried,]	"Wárakirakáni!	[my brother]

hit'et'éže."	Hit'et'égi	wéže,	aíreną,	"Jagú
[he] spoke."	[When he spoke]	[he said],	[they said],	["What]

'uñgáją	naǧákšáwañkše?	Kikáwa	ánañga	wanaį́šguni
[he did, and then]	are you crying?	Arise	and	[peacefully]

minañgére.	Wažį́hikjonkáre	šuruxúrukíži	jasge ąijášanúną	žigé
sit up.	What I will say	if you accomplish it	as you used to see me	[so again]

žeësgékjonehéna	hąhéra	jobóhą	égi	žigé
[I would be]	[in nights]	[four]	[and]	[again]

hąhera	jobóhą*	hañké	hųšúruxúčeniñgiži	nyą́aį́pjonąhéną.
[the night]	[four (times)]	[not]	if you do not look at me	I will come to life.

*The following word, hąhera ("nights"), is crossed out.

Šuruš'ákiži	hisúñkaxjį	wanǫjojaį́sge	wairágiš'uñkjonahéną,"
If you fail	younger brother	very miserable [thing]	you will have done to me,"

higéže,	aíreną.	Egí	hiųjáže	aíreną.
[he said]	[they say].	[And]	he tried,	[they say].

Hąhéra	tąníhą	ruxúrukše,	aíreną.	Hijobóhǫna
[The nights]	three	[he was able],	[they say].	[The fourth]

p. 14 —

higų́	wiraǧepgíži	ruxúruikjéra	hare	núnige	higų́
[then]	at sunrise	to accomplish it	it was time	[but]	[then]

wiraǧép hukjenisgegáją	(hañké	kikúruxúrugeni)*	horuxúčše,
as the sun was about to come up	[not]	[he made for himself ? + he was able]	he looked,

*the parenthetical material appears two lines below and is inserted by an arrow.

< WIDTH="11%">[you will be doing to me]

aíreną.	"Hohó	hisúñkaxjį	hihéxjiąnihéra	wanǫ́jojaį́sge	wairagiš'úną.
[they say].	"Ho ho,	[my younger brother]	[I most emphatically say that saying]	[a very miserable thing]	[you have done to me].

Hajikáragenína	hačį́ja	wanaǧirak	hostohíra	heregíži
I am going already	[where]	spirit	gathering place is	[came to be]

eyáwaténą."	Hininá	kuruxéže,	aíreną.	Wioirásan?iñk
then I'm going."	[Older brother]	he chased,	[they say].	Went there

égi	hapahíreže,	aíreną.	Haki	oxjanáñxjiñgi
[and]	[he went towards],	[they say]	[Finally,]	[in the late evening ?]

p. 15 —

hisúñkirájega	péjokit'ų́že,	aíreną.	Tee,	uwoírakírakúni,
[the younger brother]	he built a fire,	[they say].	[This one],	wárakirakáni,

hininá	čowé	hiéja	hišgé	pejią́
[the older brother]	[before]	[reached there ?]	[and himself]	[a fire]

taéjiaihíže,	aíreną.	Hisúñkirájega	hijot'ą́bireže.	Hija higáją
[starts a fire],	[they say].	[The younger brother]	jumped towards it.	When he went there

hinina	hañké	niñgenáñgeniže.	Hakja	p'eč
[older brother]	[not]	was not anywhere.	[Back, backward]	[fire]

eá-niéja	gigáją	tee	hininá.
[at, in the water]	he got	[this]	[older brother].

Žigé	hijá	kirináñkše	égi	hinihiranáñka
[Again]	[there]	came back	[and]	the older [brother]

wéže,	aíreną,	"Hisúñkaxjį,	jagú	p'ią'ųtegáją
[he said],	[they say],	["My younger brrother,]	[what]	good am I going for

hišúruxašanañk	hakjá?	Kerép'įnanigáją,"	wakšą́šinúnige	hañké
that you are chasing me	[to see]?	You ought to go back,"	turn back he told him	[not]

raxúrukniže	(#)	aíreną.	Hą́hera	jobǫhą́nañga
[he finally did not get him to]	[,]	[they say].	[The night]	[the fourth]

žigé	hąhéra	jobǫ́hą	jobǫ́hąna	hainigáją
[again]	[the nights]	[four]	[the fourth]	[morning, after]

hisúñkiráka	hoix'íñkše	#	Ejahí	hokikúruš'ák
[younger brother]	was played out	[.]	There	exhausted

p. 16 —

k'ąnéže	#	Uáñkšik	eja	čínañki
he fell down	[.]	[Man]	[there]	lived

mąñǧeniñgyožų́regi	éja	k'ąnéže.	Húñgera	hinúñgwahíra
and crop that they put in	[there]	[it fell down].	[The chief]	daughters

hinuñgaíriánañga	égi	Wihąná	hątáginąjenáñkše	#
the oldest one and	and	Wiha, the second born	were fasting	[.]

Wihañgá	hątéježe	#	Uañgížą	hihątéježe
Wiha	dreaming had been	[.]	[A man]	she was dreaming of

#	X'epgéniñkhajákjér?feže	hikarapárezjéže	#	Wihą́jega
[.]	Soon she would see him	she had knowledge of	[.]	Wiha

mañǧéja	jíže	#	Eja	jigáją
[the place of the crop]	[she reached]	[.]	There	when she came

wičą́wą	mañǧieregíži	kisákjina	tee	uañkšígižą
a squash	field that was	[in two]	[this one]	[a man]

hajiówežé.	Jánigmasína	eréhiže.	Wičą́wąnášge	wanąwáwax?
had walked by.	Like drunken	walk.	Squash	vines

jiréže.	Wanąp'į́našge	howárera	hoerákše.	Worúšik
he broke here and there.	His neckwear	about	it was scattered.	Wampum

p. 17 —

wanąp'į́	airegíži	[η]	wagi'ų́že.	Wihañgá	wawekíže
neckwear	[they would say]	[thus]	he had.	Wiha	picked them up

#	[α]	[ω]	hi[ρ]	hirowáreže
[.]	[And]	[and then]	[he went]	she trailed him.

Te	éja	hahiákše.	Hagaírašánañxjį	nihájik'arákše.
[Lake]	at	he was.	At long intervals only	he would breathe.

Hųšą́wañxjį	wa'uáñkše	#	[α]	Wihañgá
Very poor	he was	[.]	[And]	Wiha

te	áregáją	'yáhą́teajára	hiréže	#
[this one]	is it?	that I've been dreaming about	[she thought]	[.]

Hik'ų́he	čírowákareže	#	Gigíži	wasúičakųže
In haste	she went to the lodge	[.]	When she got there	(parched corn)*

*Radin's parentheses.

[α]	[ω]	hi[ρ]	waweže	#
[and]	[so]	[she went]	she pounded	[.]

[α]	žeé	rušjoñgí	watújenipérez*	'ųž´e
[And]	[that one]	[completed ?]	(soup of corn —-)	[she did]

*-eniñk is crossed out from the end of this word. The parentheses are Radin's.

#	Hinuná	téžésge*	hínuñk	'uąjagi
[.]	Her older sister	[did just this way]	her	when she saw

*"te asge" is crossed out just before this word.

nąj´isgíže.	"Teé	jaga	'uñ[ε] wa'únañk?
she scolded her.	["This one]	why	is she doing this?

Hątá-ginájera	warújikišárerera	'uñxjínañk."	Hižíąčhirégi	wéže,
The faster	is handling food	very much."	Their father	[he said],

p. 18 —

"Hičáñgeniñgerága	[ω]	'únoñkhíre	hišgé	žésgírege
["Your little sister]	[and so]	leave her alone	[thus]	she thinks

wa'unáñkšaną."*	Hik'ųhé	watujera	tujígiži	hiją
is why she is doing it."	In haste	the ground corn	[when she had cooked it]	[to the other one]

*An unattached note at the top of the page reads, "i.e., one is entitled to do as one likes."

nįónuwáñkše.	Haníhigíži	nihą́ja	hisge?žó	giwáx'ųže
she ran with it.	When she took it there	in his throat ?	[some —]	[cried out in pain ??]

hagáčúñgare	'unáñk'ų	nąhiže.	Hąpsáreč	haní'ųšgúni.
with great difficulty	[he did]	he swallowed.	[All day long]	she took care of him.

Hagaréžą	'únáñk'ų	watújera	ženą́higíži	žigíesgé
[At times]	[she made]	what they were cooking	when she exhausted [it]	some more

'ų́ñgiže	#	Hinuñgahigųžige	nąjisgíže.	X'okénuñka
she went and made	[.]	[Now again the woman]	[scolded her].	(Parent)*

*The parentheses are those of Radin.

hokarawíñgenoñkše	aire[ε].	Žigé	watujerá	hisge
was taking her side	[they say].	[Again]	[what she was cooking]	[some]

'uñgíži	žigiágineže.	Hanįhigíži	'ųnihára	žigé
[when she made it]	she took it over.	When she arrived	[she did ?]	[again]

žésge	gigižé.	Hagaréžą	'unañk'ų	wanąį́čųhíže.
[thus, that way]	[when she got there].	[At one time]	[he did]	he recovered consciousness.

p. 19 —

"Jásge	hirapą́resš(?)e?"	"Hąhą́ą,"	éže.	Ejokít'at'anihéže.
["What]	are you conscious?"	["Yes,"]	[he said].	She remained speaking to him.

Hoxjánagíži	hakižú	kirenąį́že	roǧiže	#
[When evening came]	[with him]	she tired to go with	he objected	[.]

Jagú	ráže'sgé	nañk'áją	hanikižuw?akérikjíže	[η],
[What]	account	am I	that I should go home with you?"	[so],

h?anúnige	ánañk'ų	raxúrukše	#	Hoxjána
but even then?	[as she said]	until she persuaded him	[.]	[In the evening]

gíži	hakížu	kereže	#	Hakížužigíži
[when]	[with him]	[s]he went	[.]	When he took her home

hagijaįja	miñks'ágiži.	Éja	wágikárawíže.	Čigowikáwakaraíregiží
in the partition	she used to lay.	[There]	they went back to.	When they first entered the lodge

hinuñgoišip	wawesį́winoñkáją.	Hajagí	wežé	#
the —- [woman always ?]	she watched them.	When she saw him	[she said]	[,]

"Žigé	tee	jágu	wanañǧižą	čokárekíri,"
["Again]	[this one]	[how, what]	a ghost (corpse)	she has brought home,"

eže	#	Hią́čiranóñka	wešgúni,	"Teéja
[she said]	[.]	The [father]	[he said],	["At the lake ?]

p. 20 —

jagú	i?ragégają	hičúñgenikragá	hañkagá	ho'é (?) raginigni,"
[how, what]	— you mean? to say to her	[grandson]	never	do you cease saying,"

hišgé	[η],	"Hírege	wo'ų́jegáją	hąhą́regi
[also]	[thus],	"She thinks	she does it	[when day came]

naįnegíži	uañgáñka."	Wéže	#	"Jasgé
when they slept	[these men ?"]	[He said]	[,]	["How]

mąíra	hañké	[α]	niñgiižą	ašgé
a spring of water	[not]	there	[one somewhere]	close by

nąžį́niže?"	"Hižą	[α]	jéną.	Eja
not standing?"	["One]	[here]	[it stands].	There

niyáñkwają́wine,"	[α]	eowį́nekjéra	hirároáguną,"	eže
we get our water,"	[and]	let us go over there	I would desire to bathe,"	[he said]

#	Hijahíregíži	hëbéja	minóñkšiže	#
[.]	[When] they went [there]	[a] distance from	he told to sit	[.]

"Egí	įpénihája	s'iniñkhánihékjanéną	mąíjega,"
"Here	wait for me	I will be gone some time	spring,"

eaže.	Higíži	kikárušúrujeniñká	hiráže	#
[he said ? .]	When he got	he undressed and	he bathed	[.]

Mąíjega	éja	kewánoñga	mąk'úhąna	howáreže.
A spring	[there]	[that amphibian ?]	under	he went.

Hųč	Wákčexi	aíregi	žésgéžą	wa'ų́ježe.
[Bear]	[Waterspirit]	[they say]	[this kind]	[he was].

p. 21 —

Níñgyo-wájigíži	eja	gigíži	p'iñkók'ųže	#
Where he came from	[there]	when he returned	he fixed himself	[.]

Uañkp'íñ[g]s'agí	hijaíra	xjįžé.	Horúšikrašgé	roháñxjį
He used to be handsome	[more]	[very].	Wampum	very much

haníñkareže.	Worúšik	gizą́jią́	hareánañga	sgasáreč
he took back with him.	[Wampum]	beaded together one	[it became ?, and]	white wampum

hisagų́žą	žénuñga	haniñkáreže.	Hagaréžą	giǧépše.
a cane	[finished]	[he took back with him].	Finally	[appeared ?].

Hejá	kirigáją	té	hinuñgenúñka	ǧakenúñkše.
[There]	[when] he came back	[from the lake]	[the girl]	[was crying].

[ϕ]	kiriniñge	wanúñkše.	Haíninégi	ik'įnegáją
[Not]	because he would not return is why	she was saying.	[The next morning]	when they woke up

pežíjąhí	wairesį́wįsíwiñkára	hinuñgá	wa-iníhiruáš'hiánañga
when else?	the watcher	older sister [= woman]	raised her covering, the end of

horuxúč	šgúniže.	Tée	hižą́	wanañǧi
[she looked]	[perhaps ?].	[This one]	[one]	ghost

konúnihára	ténoñkše.	Uañk	p'íñxjįžą.	Worúšigenóñka
that had called	[that one ?].	[Man]	[very handsome].	[That wampum]

p. 22 —

haną́č	wikiweníneže	#	Sgasárejera	uañgenúniñgenóñka
[all]	was distributed among them	[.]	[The white wampum]	[that old man]

e'sagų́kje	hok'úineže	#	Činañgaregíži	nañkíkarara
he will use as a cane	they gave to him	[.]	[When the village]	hunt

ruš'ágenañkše	#	[α]	watahóčinoñká	wešgúni
they were failing it	[.]	[And]	[at that corn? place?]	[he said]

mą	hiwáñxše	#	Wijájera	gigairánañga
arrows	he asked for	[.]	The crier	was told

mąstóhi	wašíže	#	Mąnaroháñxjį	stógigíregíži
arrows were gotten together	he told them to	[.]	[Very many arrows]	[when they brought them together ?]

wažóninešgúni.	Sániñk	siniógurégi	higų́	čiroášgeniñk
they went hunting.	[Side]	[going where it is cold]	[still]	near the village

wa'ų́že	#	Moš'ógera	nąpáseraišgi	hižą́
[he did]	[.]	The woods [knolls]	and stumps also	[one]

gų́čgášge	hųjerižą́	t'áginañks'áže.	Žee	rušjoñgíži
when he would shoot at	a bear	would fall dead.	[That]	[made, completed ?]

činoñk'	sañgiéja	wióročąjéja	howárešgúni.	Hųwą́na
[village]	other	[sun stands straight = noon]	[he went for].	[Elk]

p'aséjopíhi	aíregáją	hiráwahas	kiri[ρ]	čiroášgéja
four-cornered [herd]	[and then]	he drove	[he brought] back	near by [the village]

p. 23 —

hakirí	t'éwahiže	#	wažónina	hirunáñxjį
[he had come home]	and killed them	[.]	[The hunt]	very soon

gíže.	Hičąwína	weže,	"Jáhaá,	wažónina
he returned.	[His wife]	[she said],	["an exclamation],	[the hunt]

rakírigíni.	"Hąhą́ą,"	eže,	[α]	wešgúni
[you arrived ?].	["Yes],"	[he said]	[and]	[he said],

"Saníñksiniógurégi	higų́	ašgéniñk	[α]	hųč
["Side-cold—— ?]	[a little while later]	[short distance]	[here]	[bears]

t'eháną.	[α]	žigé	saníñgeregí	hųwą́
[I killed].	[And]	again	[when on the cold side]	[elk]

t'eháną.	Jánuñga	wak'iñkip'íñgiži	wakųták,"	haraíregíži
[I killed].	All	that are able to pack	carry it back,"	[when they went]

eže	#	Wijájera	wijájaže	#	Jánuñga
[he said]	[.]	[The crier]	[sent a message ?]	[that]	[All]

wak'iñkiip'į́na	hiharóhowi[ρ].	Wak'ųtágera	hinékjoneháwiną.
[who are able to pack]	they got ready.	To transport	[they would be going].

Watahóčira	wažónina	rokóna	wagiuñkirigéjini	wak'ųtágera
[The corn place ?]	[the hunt]	[much]	[went back —-]	[to transport]

'uñxjíneže	#	[ω]	'únuñks'áže	#	Hagaréžą
they did [much]	[.]	[Thus]	[they used to do ?]	[.]	[At one time, at times]

hąhéregi	tée,	woírakírakúni, —	hininá
[at, in the night]	[this one],	woírakírakúni,	[the older brother]

hajit'et'éže.	Wešgúni,	"Hahoísuñkáxjį!	Tokéwehíra	roík'ona,
came and spoke.	[He said],	"O, hello, my younger brother!	Very hungry	[you went forth ?],

p. 24 —

géjini	wa'ųhúną.	Čawį́na	kuruxiñgenuñgahik'ųhé	wohą́šíže
that's why	I came."	[Wife]	he woke her up in haste and	told her to boil

#	Hųjeráhi	mązázageniga	warusgú	hirakíųže
[.]	[The bear]	she slit up	dried corn	she boiled it with

#	Hagaréžą	tučgíži	nąwą́sgexetéžą	ejogíze[ρ]
[.]	[At a time, at times]	[when it was cooked]	she dished it into	(a big wooden dish)* [and]

*Placed in parentheses by Radin.

sinigigi[ρ].	Hijá	gih?áreže	#	Wanaį́šguni
she cooled it.	[Then, thereat, to him]	she placed it	[.]	[Peacefully]

hokarakít'eže	#	nunigé	[ϕ]	hakjániúñkše	#
[he spoke to him]	[,]	but	[not]	he did not see him	[.]

Čebíxjįžé	#	[α]	žée	rušjoñgíži
He ate it up entirely	[.]	[And]	[this one]	[made, completed ?]

taníhura	hogižúže	#	Haį́sereč	hokarakít'ešgúni
[the pipe]	he filled for him	[.]	[Long through the morning ?]	[he spoke to him]

hąpgúgiži.	Kerákarohógiži	hisúñkhišáka	renąį́že	# *
then day came.	When he was about to go away	younger brother wanted	to go	[.]

*The following words occuring at this place have a line drawn through them and were not translated: roǧixjį núnige hinihiráka (He very much forbid him, but "My brother ...").

Ánañk'ų́	raxúrukše	#	[ϕ]	eja
[He did say ?]	he persuaded him	[.]	["Not]	[there]

p. 25 —

waǧǫnáže'sgé	ha-úniąją́wine	wažą́p'įnajege	wašegíži	š'uñkjéna[...].
of any account	are we not getting along	if we did anything, you think it will be well.

Hoijára	jobóhą	huñgíjiáje	'ųže	#"
My steps	4 times	step in	[do]	[."]

Hakižú	kerežé.	Wanáǧióči	airegíži	eja
[With him]	[he started going back].	Ghost lodge	[they would say]	[there]

hakižúgiže	čížą	éjagi	hoikáwawiže.	Hininá
[to it]	[a lodge]	[if it is there]	they went in.	[His brother]

eja	hagimináñkše	hikijų́ja	hahímináñgikjegé	wa'uñgáją
[there]	[he] went to sit	along side of	he started to go and sit	[he did] but

hininá	wežé,	"Koté!	éja	hižą́	migóñkšaną.
[his brother]	[he said],	"Koté!	[there]	one	is lying.

Hišjaróč?išánañgežé."	Egé	hijóruxučgają	teégi
You might sit in its face."	[So]	so he looked the[re]	[if this one]

hižą́	migóñkše	p'eč	hičejéja	čą
one	was lying	[fire]	[by, alongside]	instead

hip'e 'yó?nañga.	Hišjará	x'ąwiówasa	wa'ų́wañkše	#
he rested his head.	[Face]	sprouted grass	it was	[.]

Žižíjaįhi	hahí	mináñgikjege	wa'uñgášge.	Žigésges'áže.
Somewhere else	[he went]	[sit]	[he did].	It used? to be that way —-.

[α]	wagešgúni	težesgége	wahere,	"Šúnąną́š'į
[And]	[he said to him]	[in just this way, then?]	he said to him,	"Thus it is, why I said it, but you wanted to come

higeže	#"	Hąberági	háñkaga	nigížą xginíže.
[to ask]	[.]"	[When day]	[not]	not was there anyone stirring.

p. 26 —

Hoxjána	kirigíži	jajónegi	hohópjirehe hireže.	[ω]
[In the evening]	[it arrived there]	when	right away they began to whoop.	[And so]

woxéjireže.	Hinųjerašge	čañgerégi	žegúiñkšáxete*	'uíneže.
it began to get noisy.	[Women ——]	outside	[then] laughed [greatly]	[they do it].

*Just before this word, "ω-i" is crossed out.

Hiraréxjiñ[ε]	réǧh?arupárugížą	gičgaíreže.	Higų́	žige
After awhile	[they teased and pulled on him ??]	they tried.	[A little while after]	[again]

hinųbrá	gičgaíreže.	Jobohi	[η]	híreže
the second one	they tried.	In 4 places	[thus]	[they did]

#	Howašíra	jopíwawižé	#	Wašíra
[.]	[The dance]	there were 4	[.]	[The dance]

jająnegi	hoínoñkhíreže	#	Hisúñkhiranañgere	kawéwahiže
already	they started in	[.]	The younger brother	bothered them

wajárenąhi[ρ]	hininá	roǧixjį	núnige	hainekéjiregíži
as he wished to go and see them [and]	[older brother]	[drummed ? much]	[but]	[he started? in the morning]

ánañk'ų	raxúrukšgúni.	Hininá	hižą	hičakáro	higíži.
as he said	[he finally got him to].	[Older brother]	one	[friend]	he had

Hikitáni	rawíšguni.	Čekjína	wašíra	hižį́nahíregíži
Thus 3 of them	together they went.	[The first time]	[the dance]	they came to

hisgejá	wožáwa	hiranąįže.	Hinuñgerášge	hisgejá
[some of them (there?)]	fun	he thought it.	[The women —-]	[some of them (there?)]

p. 27 —

hinuñkp'į́	wajáže.	Hokiwáši	nąį́neže.	Hinína
very handsome	they (?) are.	[Dance] with him	they tried.	[Older brother]

rogiǧijegéjini	[ϕ]	raxúruk	hiraníže.	Howášihijobéja
[forbid ——]	[not]	[he finally got him to]	[he did not].	To the fourth [dance]

hatíreže.	Wožáwara	hiraíjairáxjįže.	Hinųgerášge	hisgejá
they went.	[The fun]	[much more ?].	[The women ——]	[some of them (there?)]

hinúñk	p'į	wajáže.	Hininá	wešgúniže,
[woman]	[good]	[they are].	[Older brother]	[he said,]

"Jasgégiži	tégiži	niruxúrukhiékjanéną.	Hijá	'úñxji[ρ]
"Here surely	they will	persuade you.	[To get there, arrive there, etc.]	try hard

haganíñxjį	nanaíñge,"	higešgúni.	Wašíwajára	čičejéja
and never try	to sleep,"	he said to him.	Watching them dance	at the edge of the [lodge]

nąžíñgiži	wašígikaraheránañga	hawéhirešgúni	hagaírašge	aijarukázir[ρ]
[when standing]	to dance they asked him and	[they kept at him]	[and from time to time]	[they would grab by the arm ?]

rutínąį́nes'áže.	Hagaréžą	'ų́ja'ų	naxúruk	hirešgúni.
and they would try to pull him.	[In time]	[finally]	[he persuaded]	[he thought].

p. 28 —

Wašíra	horák hoináñkhišgúni.	Hisgéja	wožáwa
[The dance]	he joined them.	[Some of them there ?]	[fun]

hiraną́įže.	Hinų́bera	nųpíwi	hokiwášiže	#
he thought it.	[The second time]	[two]	he danced with	[.]

Hąbijanáñgiži	hinúñgenóñka	čañgéja	wakížu	'únañk'ųnąhíreže
Along near day	[those women]	[there outside]	[he was with them]	when they put him to sleep

#	ω	hir[ρ].	Irášgerugáñkireže	#
[.]	[And thus]	[they did].	And even his mouth they twisted	[.]

Haną́č	hišjairá	rugą́gañk	hir[ρ]	t'ųnanáñgireže.
[All]	[his face]	[they twisted]	[they did]	and they ran away from him.

Haį́ninégi	wírahañkšíjinóñkáją	hikį́že	#	Hañkí
[The next morning]	when the sun had risen high	[he awoke]	[.]	Not

kipárazenižé	hišjará	rugóñgoñkhiregá,	hininá	nigéčigíži
he was not aware	[his face]	[they twisted],	[the older brother]	where he lived

eja	gišgúni.	Hininá	wežé,	"Hisgejáxjį
[there]	he returned.	[The older brother]	[he said],	"Very handsome

uáñk	hiránikírakšáną.*	Hokikúruxujere,"	ánañga.	Hokik'ją́bižą
man you are	[to become a person].	Look at yourself,"	he said.	A looking glass

*The word anañga ("he said"), which occurs here, is crossed out.

p. 29 —

hok'ųneh?eže.	Hokikúruxučgáją	tee	hagágasgéžą	[ϕ]
he gave him.	[After he looked at himself]	[this one]	[he paid attention to that ??]	[not]

wažą́	uañkšík	hirakíraknižé wažą́nąną́č	warugáñgireže.
[something]	[a human being]	he was not much of	[that which they had twisted].

Irášge	ikijaį́ja	horugóñk	hirežé.	P'ára
[His mouth]	on the side	[twisted]	[they did].	Nose

hišjasúrašge	hanąj	žesgaíreže.	Nąčgéra	tékše
eyes even	[all]	[they became like].	[The heart]	[it ached]

[ω]	rogéja	miñkšé.	Hąpsáreč	hañkít'aníže
[and so]	[inside]	[he was laying].	[All day long]	[he was not talking ?]

egí	hininá	weže	kikáwa'ųšiže	težésgége,
[and]	[older brother]	[he said]	[he arose]	[and did just this way],

"Šunąnąš'į́na	roniñgiǧira	hasgášu[ε]."	P'iñk'ų́že	#
"When you try to come	I forbid you	but still you came."	He fixed him	[.]

Hisúñgera	nąbrá	raxójeja	hikióohi[ρ].
[The younger brother]	[the hand]	in ashes	touched he had him.

Ročąwagigíži	[α]	wagešgúni,	"Hisuñkáxjį	hiwágera
He made them straight	[and]	[he said to him],	["O younger brother]	[to obtain]

honí'ǫbra	niñgek'éra	naį́žiną	šuruxúrukíži.	Rohíra
life	in we place	[if it is the time for it to return]	if you can.	[The body]
is it possible for me to live?*

*Radin adds this at the end of the sentence as a more idiomatic translation.

p. 30 —

hinikárakísgejanéną	rakárekjonáre.	Ragigíži	inyókiwehočirá
I will become like yours	when you reach home.	When you get home	a sweat bath lodge

hyąš'uñkjéną	šjañxjį	[ϕ]	hihiną́p'įni.	įníxetéra	hižą́
you must make	very strong	[not]	it is not possible to get out.	Big stone	[one]

tašúč hi[ρ]	[α]	hųč hik'į́nina	wožúrajopin?i?	hiraíxak
make it red	[and]	bear oil (lard)	containers full	pouring on

hiš'ųñkjéną.	Hirúšjonágiži*	hijawaké wokjanéną.	Hitanína
you'll use.	When you get it ready	I will enter in it.	[The third]

*This word is preceded by hijá, which is crossed out.

hiraráhigi ep'á waíkaraičanína	ruhás nįšíwi[ρ].	Hitajé	wa'u[ρ]
you get to from that as I will begin to plead	asking you to open up for me.	[Rich in everything (thoroughly ?)]	[do it, and]

wakáraži[ρ]	hičaįwahíra	čokehíra	kar?ókehíra	haną́č
encouraging	our brothers-in-law*	our grandfather	[to obtain ?]	[all]

*This word is connected by a line to the following at the bottom of the page: "i.e., tell them thoroughly."

wakáraže[ρ].	Jagúhi	hexjįšge	[ϕ]	hiñgíruhas
[encouraging ?].	[Whatever]	I say	[not]	[open it for me]

hiraníñkjeną.	Hųč	hókera	hijóbera	šušužénañgíži
they [must not do].	[Bear]	stomach	[the fourth one]	when you use up

p. 31 —

nyá aį́pjanéną,"	éže	#	Gigíži	hisúñkhirájega
I will become alive,"	[he said]	[.]	[When he got back]	[the younger brother]

higik?árohože	#	Inyókewehočížą	'uñgíži	šjąxjį́hiži
[encouraged them ?]	[.]	[A sweat lodge]	[when he made ?]	[very warm]

inížąšgé	hirušją́	hi[ρ].	Hųčókera	jopíwi
[a stone]	ready	[he went].	[Bear-stomachs]	[four of them]

hųč	híkinína	hoixjį́	agík'ąnañkšé.	Hoxjánañgíži
[bear]	[the oil]	[full]	ready he placed them.	[When it became evening]

hanąč	hirušją́higíži	wawogírakše	#	Hičą́wahíra
[all]	he had ready	he told them	[.]	[His brothers-in-law]

hiwañgéra	hičókerášge	wakáražíxjįže	hininá	git'ánihara
his sister-in-law	[his grandfather]	[to completely obtain]	[the older brother]	that had died

ruxúrug	híregíži	nią́bikjanahéže	wigéže	#
if [he was able]	[he would do]	[he will be alive ?]	[he said to them]	[.]

Hoxjánagíži	inína	hijókanáñkše	#	[α]
[When evening came]	[the stone]	[he heated ??]	[.]	[And]

[ω]	hi[ρ]	číraną́č	horušų́že	šjáñxjį
[and so]	[he went]	[filled the house ?]	he covered	[very hot]

hi[ρ].	Ara	howírehíkjerašaną	p'ax	kéreže.
[he went].	[The arm]	where it would go thro[ugh] only	open	he left.

p. 32 —

Čekjína	hųč	hókera	hižą́	jorusi'regi
[The first time]	[bear]	[stomach]	[one]	that he pressed out

hininá	hanáñkše	#	Hinųbra	hijórusíregíži
[the older brother]	he groaned	[.]	[The second time]	[he pressed out]

hokíkém?eǧųǧą	jireže	#	Hitanína	hijorusíregiži
he blew upon himself	he started to	[.]	[The third time]	[he pressed out]

waikárat?e	jiréže	#	"Hisúñkaxjį	hačuñgere
he began to beg	[he started]	[.]	["O little brother]	with difficulty

nia'ąbra (?)	t'énañkjanéną.	Hičą́wa	hirášge,"	[η]
I had come to life	you will kill me.	[Brothers-in-law]	[he could do],"	[thus]

wigá	mináñkše	#	Hijóbera	hių́jire[ε]
he kept saying	[he sat down]	[.]	[The fourth]	[he tried ?]

[α]	hičókire	gikáračše	#	"Hoho
[and]	[grandfather]	he begged	[,]	"Ho ho

hičókeháxjį	húñgera	nigáją	hiñgirúhagere	t'éwinéjanéną."
[my dear grandfather]	[the chief]	you are	open it for me	they will kill me."

"Hó,"	eže	#	Wangenúniñgra	t'ąpjiréže
"Ho,"	[he said]	[.]	[The old man]	he started up

#	Čiókiságeja	hakíninąžį́neže.	Hačuñgére	ružéneže
[.]	[In the center of the lodge]	they held him.	[Barely, with difficulty]	he used it up

#	Hininá	nią́pše	#	Hąhéregi
[.]	[Older brother]	[was alive]	[.]	[At, in the, night]

heráhi?že	#	Hisúñgera,	"Jasge,	hinihára?"
he came to him	[.]	[The younger brother],	["What,]	[my brother]?"

p. 33 —

Hišgé	[η]	hižé,	hinuñga	kanañkše
[Also]	[thus]	he did [do,]	[woman]	[take to wife]

#	wažoní	higášge	hišge,	[η]
[.]	[Hunt]	[he went ?]	[also],	[thus]

hižé.	Waiką́	tee	[α]	žeją́na.
[he did].	[Sacred story]	[this]	[here]	the end of it.

English Translation

Source:

[1] RS [Rueben StCyr ?], "Snowshoe Strings," in Paul Radin, Winnebago Notebooks (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society) Notebook #60: 4-33.