Notes to the Introduction
[1] Kathleen Danker and Felix White, Sr., The Hollow of
Echoes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978) 59. Informant: Felix
White, Sr.
[2] Estwick Evans, "A Pedestrous Tour, of
Four-Thousand Miles, through Western Territories, during Winter and Spring of
1818, in Reuben Gold Thwaites (ed), Early Western Travels, 1748 - 1846
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904) 8:271. This description is echoed by
Gatschet: "At one time they were the fiercest warriors in the
country." Albert Samuel Gatschet, Linguistic and Ethnological Material on
the Winnebago, Manuscript 1989-a (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution
National Anthropological Archives, 1889, 1890-1891) 1 - 104.
[3] James W. Springer and Stanley R. Witkowski,
"Siouan Historical Linguistics and Oneota Archaeology," in Oneota
Studies, ed. Guy Gibbon (1982); Paul Radin, The Winnebago Tribe (Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1990 [1923]) 2-3.
[4] Springer and Witkowski, loc. cit.
[5] Henry Schoolcraft, Information respecting the
Historical Conditions and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States
(J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1852-1854) 3:236; Thomas Foster, Foster's Indian
Record and Historical Data (Washington, D. C.: 1876-1877) vol. 1, #1, p. 2,
col. 2.
[6] Publius V. Lawson, "The Winnebago Tribe,"
The Wisconsin Archeologist 6, #3 (1907): 77-162 (78-83).
[7] Samuel Gardner Drake, The Book of the Indians of
North America (Boston: Antiquarian Bookstore, 1833) V.130-132; The Aboriginal
Races of North America, 15th ed (1880) 16, 637, 638, 639, 706
("Winnebagoes").
[8] Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix (1682-1761),
History and General Description of New France, 6 vols. (New York, F. P. Harper,
1900) (1866 ed.) 6:225.
[9] Lawson, "The Winnebago Tribe," 83-84.
[10] James Owen Dorsey and Paul Radin,
"Winnebago," Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Bureau of
American Ethnology, Bulletin 30 (Totowa, N. J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1979)
2:958-961 (958, 961); from the manuscript of Chippewa (Anishinaabe) words
submitted by Gatschet to the Bureau of American Ethnology. Foster's Indian
Record, vol. 1, #1, p. 2, col. 1.
[11] Foster's Indian Record, vol. 1, #1, p. 2, col. 1.
[12] Walter James Hoffman, The Menominee Indians, in the
Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1892-1893 (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1896) 14:205.
[13] Dorsey and Radin, "Winnebago," 2:958.
[14] John Tanner (1780?-1847), A Narrative of the
Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner during Thirty Years Residence among the
Indians in the Interior of North America (New York: G. & C. & H.
Carvill, 1830) 316.
[15] English-Potawatomi dictionary: online at
http://www.ukans.edu/~kansite/pbp/books/dicto/dicto_en.html#e_w. Given as Winbiégųg in a manuscript of Potawatomi words submitted by
Gatschet to the Bureau of American Ethnology.
[16] Jesuit Relations (1858 edition) vol. 3, index; Emma
Helen Blair, The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of
the Great Lakes, 2 vols (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996 [1911])
[17] Stephen Denison Peet, American Antiquities, 3 (1886):
304.
[18] Peet, American Antiquities, 304.
[19] Le Jeune, Jesuit Relations for 1640, 35.
[20] Jesuit Relations (1858 edition) vol. 3, index.
[21] John Gilmary Shea (1824-1892.), Discovery and
Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, with the Original Narratives of
Marquette, Allouez, Membre, Hennepin, and Anastase Douay; with a Facsimile of
the Newly-Discovered Map of Marquette (New York, Redfield, 1853) xxiii.
[22] Jesuit Relations for 1648 (1858 edition) 62.
[23] Jesuit Relations for 1656 (edition?) 62; Pliny
Warriner, "Legend of the Winnebagoes," Collections of the State
Historical Society of Wisconsin for the Year 1854 (Madison: State Historical
Society, 1855) 1:86-93 (88-89). [Appendix 6]. Originally published in the
Buffalo [New York] Journal, September 15, 1829. The informant was an unnamed
Hočąk chief. This may also be an Oto tradition, as S. H.
Long relates, "This great nation [the Chiwere], they [the Oto] say,
originally resided somewhere to the northward of the great lakes ..."
Edwin James, comp., Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky
Mountains (an account of S. H. Long's Expedition, 1819 - 1820), in Reuben Gold
Thwaites (ed), Early Western Travels, 1748 - 1846 (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark,
1904) 15:131. See in particular, The
Hočągara Migrate South.
[24] Jesuit Relations for 1636 (edition of 1858), 92.
[25] Vimont, Jesuit Relations for 1640, 35.
[26] Jesuit Relations for 1646, 81.
[27] Jesuit Relations for 1649, 27.
[28] Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1, #1, p. 2, col. 2.
[29] Albert Samuel Gatschet, Linguistic and Ethnological
Material on the Winnebago, Manuscript 1989-a (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian
Institution National Anthropological Archives, 1889, 1890-1891) 1 - 104.
Informants: Reuben David St. Cyr (b. 1864), and his father, John Michael St.
Cyr.
[30] so La Potherie says explicitly — Claude Charles Le
Roy, Bacqueville de la Potherie, "History of the Savage Peoples who are
Allies of New France," in Emma Helen Blair, The Indian Tribes of the Upper
Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes, 2 vols (Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 1996 [1911]) 1:275-372 [1:288-290].
[31] Lawson, "The Winnebago Tribe," 84.
[32] Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1, #1, p. 2, col. 1.
[33] Jesuit Relations of 1659-60, p. 41.
[34] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 169; Charles E. Brown,
Wisconsin Indian Place Legends (Madison: Works Progress Administration, 1936)
4-5.
[35] Publius V. Lawson, The Winnebago Tribe, Wisconsin
Archeologist, 6 (1907), #3: 90, 93; Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 6-7.
[36] Thus Fr. Allouez (Jesuit Relations of 1669-70) says
of this spot, "The water of this Bay and its rivers is similar to that
which stagnates in ditches." The Jesuit Relations of 1670-71 explain the
name Baye des Puants this way:
"It bears this name, which is the same that the savages give to those who
dwell near the sea, perhaps because the odor of the marshes which surround this
bay is something similar to the sea."
[37] Kinsey, Juliette Augusta (Magill), 1806-1870.
Wau-Bun: The "Early Day" in the North-West. (Chicago: R.R. Donnelley
and Sons Co., 1932 [1867]) 63.
[38] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 114.
[39] "These Howchungerahs, or Winnebagoes, well
deserve the name of 'Puans,' which the first French adventurers gave them.
Establishing themselves where fish is plentiful, they never change the site of
their wigwams, at the entrances to which they throw down the entrails and offal
of their fish. They have thus become notorious amongst the other Indians for
the filthy existence they lead." George W. Featherstonhaugh, A Canoe
Voyage up the Minnay Sotor (London: Richard Bentley, 1847 [1970, reprint])
2:102-103. See also, Capt. Don Saunders, When the Moon is a Silver Canoe.
Legends of the Wisconsin Dells (Wisconsin Dells, Wisc.: Don Saunders, 1947) 42.
Informant: Albert Yellow Thunder (1878-1951) of the Thunderbird Clan.
[40] Lawson, "The Winnebago Tribe," ...
[41] Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1, #1, p. 2, col. 4.
[42] "Huron," Handbook of American Indians North
of Mexico, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 30 (Totowa, N. J.: Rowman and
Littlefield, 1979) 1:585; Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary
of the English Language (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1971) 686, sv "Sioux."
[43] Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1 #1, p. 1, col. 4.
[44] Edward Duffield Neill, The History of Minnesota: From the Earliest French Explorations to the Present (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1858 [reprint, 1975]) page given as 190, but this
could not be verified; Dorsey and Radin, "Winnebago," Handbook of
North American Indians, 2:961.
[45] John Long, Voyages and Travels of an Indian
Interpreter and Trader (April 10, 1768 - Spring, 1782), in Reuben Gold Thwaites
(ed), Early Western Travels, 1748 - 1846 (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904)
2:186. Augustin Grignon, "Seventy-two Years' Recollections of
Wisconsin," Wisconsin Historical Collections 3 (1857): 195-295 [285-286],
from a Menominee source. Followed by Col. Thomas Loraine McKenney and James
Hall, The Indian Tribes of North America, with Biographical Sketches and
Anecdotes of the Principal Chiefs, ed.. Frederick Hodge and David Bushnell, 4
vols. (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1934 [1842]). . . See Origin of the Name "Winnebago"
(Menominee).
[46] Wisconsin Historical Collections, 16:360.
[47] A manuscript of Wyandot words submitted by Gatschet
to the Bureau of American Ethnology.
[48] Mary H. Eastman, Chicóra and Other Regions of the Conquerors
and the Conquered (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, & Co., 1854) 21.
[49] Charlevoix, History and General Description of New France, as quoted by Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1 #1, p. 2, col. 2. See Albert Gallatin, A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes within the United States East of the Rocky Mountains, and in the British and Russian Possessions in North America, in Archaeologia Americana, Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society (Cambridge, Mass.: 1836) 2:120.
[50] Reverend James Owen Dorsey, Winnebago Vocabulary
(unpublished manuscript, submitted to the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1878)
sv Hočangara, "primitive
language." Followed by McGee, Annual Report of the Bureau of American
Ethnology (1897), 15:162 ("people of the parent speech"). Some
attempt at parallel sense development is given by Gatschet — see Albert
Samuel Gatschet, Linguistic and Ethnological Material on the Winnebago,
Manuscript 1989-a (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological
Archives, 1889, 1890-1891) 1 - 104.
[51] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 5.
[52] Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1 #1, p. 2, col. 2. He
gives the name as Hočąg´era.,
misapprehending ga-ra for ge-ra.
[53] The belief that the Hočągara are the original people
is well attested: The Morning Star, A Winnebago Legend," collected by
Louis L. Meeker, Nov. 22, 1896 (National Anthropological Archives, 1405
Winnebago, A.D.S.); "The Morning Star," in David Lee Smith, Folklore
of the Winnebago Tribe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 105; David
Lee Smith (Thunderbird Clan), "How the Valleys and Hills Came to Be,"
in David Lee Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe (Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1997) 100; Emily L. Smith (Bear Clan), "Ma-ona and the
Creation of the World," in David Lee Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago
Tribe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 13-14. See the stories in The Creation of Man (vv. 2, 3, 4). Foster
thinks that something of a pun is preserved in the Dakota name, Hotąnke, where tąnke means "big," but tąnké means "a man's elder sister." (Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1, #1, p.
2, col. 2).
[54] "Every one of them that I conversed with stated
the name of the nation to be Howchungerah, form howrah, fish, and wungerah, man; they being a fish-eating tribe of the great
Nacotah nation, further to the west, a dialect of whose tongue they speak, and
having separated from whom, they settled in a lake country abounding in fish,
which thus became their principal diet." Featherstonhaugh, A Canoe Voyage
up the Minnay Sotor, 1:168. "There are two possible interpretations of
this name, one being 'Great Fish-people', and the other "'Great
Voice-people'. The former is in all probability the correct meaning." Jasper
Blowsnake and Paul Radin, "A Semi-Historical Account of the War of the
Winnebago and the Foxes," Proceedings of the State Historical Society of
Wisconsin (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1914) 193 nt 4. Told
by Jasper Blowsnake in June, 1908.
[55] Saunders, When the Moon is a Silver Canoe, 42. See
the portrait of his
grandfather Yellow Thunder.
[56] Personal communication from B. W. Brisbois to Rueben
G. Thwaites (1882), Wisconsin Historical Collections, 10 (1885): 500; Lawson,
"The Winnebago Tribe," 83.
[57] Francis LaFlesche, A Dictionary of the Osage
Language, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 109
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1932) 67, sv hótonga.
[58] Maximilian, Prince of Weid, Travels in the Interior
of North America, 1832-1834, in Reuben Gold Thwaites (ed), Early Western
Travels, 1748 - 1846 (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904) 24:313.
[59] Gallatin, A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes within the
United States, 2:120; followed by Schoolcraft, Information respecting the
Indian Tribes of the United States, 3:277. Gallatin says, "The
Winnebagoes, so called by the Algonkins, but called Puans and also Otchagras by the French, and Horoje ('Fish easters') by the Omahaws and other southern
tribes, call themselves Hochungohrah, or 'Trout' nation."
[60] Edwin James, comp., Account of an Expedition from
Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains (an account of S. H. Long's Expedition, 1819 -
1820), in Reuben Gold Thwaites (ed), Early Western Travels, 1748 - 1846
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904 [1823]) 15:131.
[61] Schoolcraft, Information respecting the Indian Tribes
of the United States, 3:277; followed by Jacob Piatt Dunn, True Indian Stories
(Indianapolis: Sentinel, 1908) 317.
[62] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 5.
[63] Mary Carolyn Marino, A Dictionary of Winnebago: An
Analysis and Reference Grammar of the Radin Lexical File (Ph.D. Thesis,
University of California, Berkeley, December 14, 1968 [69-14,947]) 435, sv. xete.
[64] This is from a list of animal names (ssvv
"Turtle," "Snapping Turtle") given to me by Süle Shigley of
the Hocak Wazijaci Language & Culture Program.
[65] LaFlesche, A Dictionary of the Osage Language, 289,
85, sv. kétǫnga.
[66] LaFlesche, A Dictionary of the Osage Language, sv ke.
[67] Marino, A Dictionary of Winnebago, 184, sv čąk.
[68] Felix White, Sr. (Wolf Clan), "Origin Story of
the Winnebago Clans," in David Lee Smith, Folklore of the Winnebago Tribe (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 15.
[69] Marino, A Dictionary of Winnebago, 259, sv ho.
[70] Marino, A Dictionary of Winnebago, 423, sv wiho.
[71] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 174.
[72] Quoted from Riggs, Dakota-English Dictionary, 151, sv ho; also followed by Buechel,
Dictionary of Teton Dakota, 180, sv ho.
[73] LaFlesche, Dictionary of Osage, 67, ssvv hu,
hú-ca-gi, hótǫ; 63, sv. hó-ca-gi; Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1, #1, p. 2, coll. 2-3.
[74] James H. Howard, The Ponca Tribe (Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press: 1995 [1965]) 134.
[75] Alice C. Fletcher and Francis La Flesche, The Omaha
Tribe, 2 vols. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press: 1992 [1911]) 102.
[76] James Owen Dorsey and John R. Swinton, A Dictionary
of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages, in Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American
Ethnology, Bulletin 47 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1912) 323, sv hóhe.
[77] Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1 #1, p. 1, col. 4.
[78] Rev. Eugene Buechel, A Dictionary of the Teton Dakota
Sioux Language (Pine Ridge: Red Cloud Indian School, 1955?) 185, sv Ho´tąke; John P. Williamson, An English-Dakota Dictionary (St.
Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1992 [1902]) 261, sv
"Winnebago"; Stephen Return Riggs, A Dakota-English Dictionary (St.
Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1992 [1890]) 155, sv Ho-tą́-ke; Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1 #1, p. 2, col. 2 (Hotąnk´e); Paul WarCloud, Dakotah Sioux Indian Dictionary
(Sisseton: Tekakwitha Fine Arts Center, 1971) 180, sv Ho-TÔ-keh; Alexander H. Ramsey in Rep. Ind. Aff. for 1849 (1850)
88; compare the Otonkah of
Schoolcraft, Information respecting the Indian Tribes of the United States,
3:277.
[79] Riggs, A Dakota-English Dictionary, sv. tą́-ka.
[80] Buechel, A Dictionary of the Teton Dakota Sioux
Languag, 185, sv. ho´tąke; Riggs,
A Dakota-English Dictionary, 155, sv. ho´-tą-ke; Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1 #1, p. 2, col. 2.
[81] Riggs, A Dakota-English Dictionary, 151, sv. ho.
[82] Riggs, A Dakota-English Dictionary, 151, sv. ho; Williamson, An English-Dakota Dictionary, sv.
"fish"; Buechel, A Dictionary of the Teton Dakota Sioux Language,
180, sv. hoǧą́.
[83] Rev. James Owen Dorsey, "The Social Organization
of the Siouan Tribes," The Journal of American Folk-Lore, 4 (1896):
331-342.
[84] Howard, The Ponca Tribe, 134.
[85] Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1, #1, p. 2, col. 2-3.
[86] Fletcher and La Flesche, The Omaha Tribe, 102.
[87] Fletcher and La Flesche, The Omaha Tribe, 66;
LaFlesche, Dictionary of Osage, 29, sv. "good."
[88] Fletcher and La Flesche, The Omaha Tribe, 63, sv. Hó-ca-zhį-e.
[89] LaFlesche, Dictionary of Osage, 67, sv. hu.
[90] LaFlesche, Dictionary of Osage, 67, sv. hú-ca-gi; 29, sv. ca-gi.
[91] LaFlesche, Dictionary of Osage, 63, sv. hó-ca-gi.
[92] LaFlesche, Dictionary of Osage, 67, sv. hótǫ.
[93] LaFlesche, Dictionary of Osage, 68, ssvv.
[94] LaFlesche, Dictionary of Osage, 67, sv Hótǫga, 356, sv "Winnebago Tribe"; 68, sv Hútǫga.
[95] LaFlesche, Dictionary of Osage, 68, sv Hútǫga ïe; 356, sv "Winnebago Language."
[96] http://www.ho-chunk.com/
[97] Dorsey and Radin, "Winnebago," 2:961, sv. O.tan.gan. See Thomas Forsyth, "Memoirs of the Sauk and
Foxes," in Emma Helen Blair, The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi
Valley and Region of the Great Lakes, 2 vols (Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press, 1996 [1911]) 2:139-245 [199 nt 73].
[98] Foster, Indian Record, vol. 1, #1, p. 2, col. 2.
[99] Radin, The Winnebago Tribe, 11.
[100] Marino, A Dictionary of Winnebago, 349, sv nųk, "ear."
[101] Fletcher and La Flesche, The Omaha Tribe, 1: . . .
[102] Marino, A Dictionary of Winnebago, 265, sv hųk.
[103] Marino, A Dictionary of Winnebago, 66-68, and 317,
sv. mą.
[104] In addition to the primary work of footnote [1], see
the following works by Paul Radin: Crashing Thunder: The Autobiography of an
American Indian (New York and London: Appleton and Co., 1926); The Evolution of
an American Indian Prose Epic. Bollingen Foundation, Special Publications, 3
(1954): 1-99; 5 (1956): 103-148; "The Hare Cycle of the Winnebago
Indians," in Studies in North American Mythology, Vol. 1, Part 1 (Santa
Fe, New Mexico: New Mexican Printing Co., 1915); "Literary Aspects of Winnebago
Mythology," Journal of American Folklore, 39 (1926): 18-52; Monotheism
among Primitive Peoples (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1924); Primitive Man as Philosopher (New York: D. Appleton Co., 1927); "The
Thunderbird Warclub: A Winnebago Tale," Journal of American Folklore 44
(1931): 143-65; Winnebago Hero Cycles: A Study in Aboriginal Literature (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and
Linguistics, Memoir 1, 1948), Republished in the International Journal of
American Linguistics Memoir 1 Supplement to International Journal of American
Linguistics, Vol. 14, #3; "Winnebago Myth Cycles," Primitive Culture
1 (1926): 8-86; "The Winnebago Myth of the Twins," Papers of the
Southwestern Anthropological Society 1 (1915): 1-56; "Winnebago Tales,"
Journal of American Folklore, 22 (1909): 288-313; "Winnebago Text,"
in Handbook of American Indian Languages, ed Franz Boas (Washington, D.C.:
Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 40, 1911), 1: 959-65.